Encefalitis letargica pdf

Doak family. Loomig A. See Brooks Amy Looiuis A. Yachts under sail. Lopez Ibor J. Encefalitis letargica. Dobreff M, Saprjanoff T.

Further, there was no recognizable correlation between the relative impacts of EL and influenza in particular countries or regions. Travel Med Infect Dis. Whereas recidivist influenza — a return to ill-health following apparent recovery was a well-known and feared feature of the disorder, the complicated neuropsychiatric aspects of chronic EL were something new, different not in degree but in quality from chronic influenza.

Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Encephalitis lethargica is an atypical form of encephalitis. This is especially the case as the literature of the s is replete with reports in which a discernible link between EL and influenza had been explicitly excluded.

The ascertainable situation regarding Encefalitjs disorders during the s influenza pandemic was later summarized by Edwin Jordan:. The preferred age of onset by EL did not vary significantly throughout the s, with those aged 12 to 35 years most at risk. They have the appearance of being in a light slumber or sometimes even of deep sleep with encefalihis typical breathing pattern, even snoring. Such a case presented a particularly ghastly ensemble when to these features were added a sickly yellow pallor of the hollow sunken cheeks, pallid lavender hue of lips and ears, rapid sighing respirations, and encefalitos of urine and faces with a constantly heavy smell of a more or less intolerable character Abrahams Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus enceaflitis Brain abscess Amoebic.

Comparative severity of influenza and EL epidemics Further, there was no recognizable correlation between the relative impacts of EL and influenza in particular countries or regions. But as Hallp noted: Further, there was no recognizable correlation between the relative impacts of EL and influenza in particular countries or regions. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.

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There was typically a symptom-free interval between the acute and chronic stages of EL, but proposing that a similar interval existed between influenza infection and symptomatic EL is purely speculative. This is particularly true in light of the common finding that post-influenzal nervous symptoms manifested themselves within a few weeks of the onset of influenza for example, Marcus Finally, while recidivism was a noted feature of influenza, relapses generally involved the return of catarrhal symptoms and prostration, not the evolution of a completely new clinical picture Jordan cpp f; Thomson et alpp — Evidence for the independence of EL from influenza outbreaks increased through the s.

The American epidemiologist Edwin Oakes Jordan — analyzed published data for various American cities between and and could discover no consistent relationship Jordan b. Similarly, the course of the major British epidemic ofthe greatest single outbreak in the history of EL, was not paralleled by changes in influenza statistics:. In some places the peak of influenza measured by reported mortality encefalotis that of encephalitis reported cases by many weeks, as in London, while in others, as in Manchester, encephalitis begins to wane before influenza reaches its highest point.

There were also areas where the rise and fall of EL and influenza were inversely related, and the case of Portugal where EL preceded influenza Jorge In the United States the influenza pandemic moved with incredible speed from east to west, whereas EL required almost a year to cover the same distance.

The epidemiological situation was nicely encapsulated by David and Robert Thomson Lefargica Research Laboratory, Londonwho concluded their discussion of EL in an encyclopedic review of influenza thus:. No doubt in a disease like influenza, which is characterised by an enormous high attack rate in which during pandemic periods anything up to 50 per cent.

In this respect it has often been observed that the first symptoms of general paralysis of the insane appeared to follow an attack of influenza. Further, there is no evidence to suggest that EL occurred in North America before it appeared in Europe, but this may well encrfalitis been the case for influenza Barry ; but see Oxford et al Further, there was no recognizable correlation between the relative impacts of EL and influenza in encefzlitis countries or regions.

In the most populous regions on Earth researchers identified only a handful of EL cases, and in neither India letadgica China did encrfalitis distribution of cases concord with the course of the influenza pandemic for example: Mills ; Johnson and Muellerbut here EL was a comparative rarity throughout the s.

This cannot be attributed to poor record-keeping, as investigators diligently sought cases in non-Western countries in the hope that they might illuminate the EL problem. With few exceptions there were no institutional outbreaks hospitals, asylums, military camps or even transference within families. The Prague pathologist Franz Lucksch — reported that was no evidence in Germany for even a single person-to-person transmission of EL Lucksch Silent carriers may have played a role in its dissemination, as in poliomyelitis, but would still not entirely overcome the epidemiological difficulties which encumbered the unitarian position see, for example, Levaditi ; Stieflerpp — Even transplacental transmission was more the exception than the rule, and the few cases reported impressed some observers as evidence for the specificity of the EL virus Jorge Influenza was a very public invader, while EL was much stealthier; those who contracted influenza generally returned to full health within months, whereas survival of the acute phase of EL was often the segue to life-long debility.

The preferred age of onset by EL did not vary significantly throughout the s, with those aged 12 to 35 years most at risk. EL generally spared infants to a greater extent than did influenza Almasio, Finally, influenza played no favorites with respect to genderbut it was widely reported that there were up to twice as many male as female EL cases, although the prognosis in the latter tended to be worse Stern The second major argument for the unitarian hypothesis is that EL-like disorders had been reported during previous influenza epidemics.

Medical journals of the late 19th century teemed with cases of influenza sufferers reportedly crippled physically ketargica psychiatrically by the disorder. It might therefore seem reasonable to suppose that EL was simply chronic influenza in yet another nervous guise. Leyden and Guttmann ; Thompson ; Wolff ; Parsons He described three major forms of influenza — nervous, gastro-intestinal and catarrhal, according to their most prominent features — and noted that, in any particular epidemic year, one of these forms tended to dominanate to the relative exclusion of the others Althaus Nervous symptoms linked to influenza ranged from headache, muscular pain and weariness to paralyses of varying degree, as well as conditions resembling fully elaborated psychoses.

Post-influenzal encephalitis was described in detail at this time by the respected German clinician Otto Leichtenstern — in his monograph on the pandemic Leichtenstern characterized this encephalitis as:. The clinical picture is often so similar to apoplexy caused by brain hemorrhage or embolism with obligate hemiplegia that it is only enccefalitis usually young age of the patient, the acute onset with chills, the concomitant high fever and the occurrence of such cases during an influenza epidemic which permits distinction from a normal case of apoplexy Leichtensternp He specifically noted that encephalitis grippalis often attacked the cerebral motor zone, and that there had been no confirmed cases in which:.

All reported cases of nuclear oculomotor paralysis had developed after the influenza had run its course, usually a considerable period afterwards, without fever or necefalitis cerebral symptoms, and thus along the lines of a degenerative neuritis or neuronucleitis Leichtensternp f.

I encefaalitis so sorry your husband endured this but, as a psychological clinician, this information is valuable to me. Neuroskeptic is a British neuroscientist who takes a skeptical look at his own field, and beyond.

The virulence of the pandemic influenza virus: They would be conscious and aware — yet not fully awake; they would sit motionless and speechless all day in their chairs, totally lacking energy, impetus, initiative, motive, appetite, affect or desire; they registered what went on about them without active attention, and with profound indifference.

Encefalite letargica acuta e cronica. Subsequent to publication of this compendium, an enterovirus was discovered in EL cases from the epidemic. Bacteriologischer Befund bei schweren Erkrankungen des Centralnervensystems im Verlauf von Influenza.

Wien Arch Inn Med. The data for Seattle are stronger in this respect, but are nevertheless encefaliyis to a problem recognized by the authors:. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.

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